Transportation Consultants,inc. LSC Transportation Consultants, Inc

Recommendations 6

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  motor v ehicle u se, can discourage motorist intersection, and 5 to 10 feet from a bridge, from entering and reduce driver error. so bicyclists approach the obstacle straight- (c) Assess wh ether si gning an d p ath entry on a nd m aintenance ve hicles can pul l of f design prevents or minimizes unauthorized the road. entry t o t olerable l evels. If t here a re Placed beyond t he clear zo ne on t he
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  documented i ssues caused by unauthorized crossing highway, otherwise breakaway. motor vehicle e ntry, a nd ot her m ethods have proven ineffective, assess whether the When physical obstacles are needed to control issues posed by unauthorized vehicle entry unauthorized v ehicle ac cess, a single non - exceed t he cr ash r isks an d access i ssues removable, flexible, post on the path centerline posed by obstacles. with a separate gate for emergency/maintenance vehicle access next to the p ath, is preferred. If the decision is made to add bollards, plantings The gate should swinging away from the path, or similar obstacles, they should be: Fold-down obstacle posts or bollards shall Yielding to minimize in jury to b icyclists not be used within the paved area of bicycle and pedestrians who may strike them. paths. They are often left in the folded down Removable or moveable (such as gates) for position, which p resents a crash h azard to
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  emergency and maintenance access must bicyclists and pedestrians. When vehicles drive leave a flush surface when removed. across fold-down obstacles, they can be broken from t heir hi nges, I eaving t wisted and j agged Reflectorized f or n ighttime v isibility a nd obstructions that project a few inches from the painted, coated, or manufactured of material path surface. in a bright c olor to enhanced daytime visibility. Obstacle posts or ga tes must not be used to force bicyclists to slow down, stop or dismount. Illuminated when necessary. Treatments u sed to reduce v ehicle speeds may be used where it is desirable to reduce bicycle Spaced to leave a minimum of 5 feet of clearance of p aved ar ea b etween obstacles speeds. (measured from face of obstacle to face of For obstacle post v isibility m arking, a nd adjacent obstacle). Symmetrically about the he California pavement markings, see t center line of the path. MUTCD, Section 9C.101(CA). Positioned s o a n e ven num ber of bi cycle (17) Lighting. Fixed-source l ighting r aises travel lanes are created, with a minimum of awareness o f co nflicts along p aths an d at two paths. Odd num ber of ope nings intersections. I n a ddition, lig hting a llows th e increases the risk of head-on collisions if bicyclist to see the bicycle path direction, traffic in both directions tries to u set he surface conditions, and obstacles. Lighting for same opening. bicycle pa ths i s i mportant a nd s hould be considered w here ni ghttime us e i s not Placed so additional, non-centerline/lane prohibited, in s ag c urves (see I ndex 201.5), a t line posts are located a minimum of 2 feet intersections, at lo cations w here nighttime from the edge of pavement. security co uld be a p roblem, and wh ere Delineated as shown in California MUTCD
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  obstacles d eter u nauthorized v ehicle entry t o Figure 9C-2. bicycle paths. See Index 1003.1(16). Daytime lighting should a lso be c onsidered t hrough underpasses or tunnels. HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 1000-11 May 7, 2012 Figure 1003.1C Minimum Length of Bicycle Path Crest Vertical Curve (L) Based on Stopping Sight Distance (S) L = 2S - \frac{1600}{A} Double line represents S = L when S > L L = Minimum length of vertical curve – feet A = Algebraic grade difference - % L = \frac{AS^2}{1600} S = Stopping sight distance - feet when S \le L Refer to Figure 1003.1D to determine "S", for a given design speed "V" Height of cyclist eye = 4\frac{1}{2} feet Height of object = \frac{1}{2}-foot S = Stopping Sight Distance (ft) A 70 90 (%) 110 150 170 175 190 210 230 250 270 125 130 7 3 20 60 100 140 4 5 20 30 60 100 140 220 180 73 6 S > L 33 83 113 153 193 233 270 7 71 121 151 191 231 273 319 21 31 111 8 50 60 140 180 365 20 100 150 221 265 313 9 172 2 42 72 82 122 162 203 248 298 352 410 140 191 391 10 20 60 90 100 181 226 276 331 456 11 35 75 105 115 155 199 211 248 303 364 430 501 12 7 47 87 127 169 217 230 271 331 397 469 547 117 97 127 592 13 17 57 137 183 235 249 293 358 430 508 S > L 26 106 137 148 197 253 268 316 386 547 638 14 66 463 15 33 73 146 158 211 271 287 338 413 496 586 683 113 16 40 80 121 156 169 225 289 306 361 441 529 625 729 17 46 86 129 1000-12 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL May 7, 2012 Figure 1003.1D Minimum Lateral Clearance (m) on Bicycle Path Horizontal Curves Sight distance (S) measured along this line S = Sight distance in feet. R = Radius of \mathcal{L} of lane in feet. m = \text{Distance from } \mathcal{L} \text{ of lane in feet.} See Figure 1003.1D to determine "S" for a given design speed "V". Angle is expressed in degrees Lane Inside m = R \left[ 1 - \cos \left( \frac{28.65S}{R} \right) \right] Q. S = \frac{R}{28.65S} \left[ \cos^{-1} \left( \frac{R - m}{R} \right) \right] m Object Eye Line of sight Formula applies only when S is equal to or less than length of curve. Line of sight is 28" above £ inside lane at Obstruction or point of obstruction. Cutbank Height of bicyclist's eye is 4 1/2 feet. S = Stopping Sight Distance (ft) R (ft) 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 15.9 25 50 8.7 15.2 23.0 31.9 41.5 75 5.9 22.8 30.4 10.4 16.1 38.8 47.8 57.4 67.2 95 4.7 31.8 39.5 48.0 75.9 8.3 12.9 18.3 24.7 56.9 66.3 125 9.9 19.1 37.9 53.3 6.3 14.1 24.7 31.0 45.4 1.76 155 5.1 8.0 11.5 15.5 20.2 25.4 31.2 37.4 44.2 51.4 175 4.6 10.2 27.8 33.5 39.6 46.1 7.1 13.8 18.0 22.6 200 4.0 6.2 8.9 15.8 19.9 24.5 29.5 12.1 34.9 40.8 225 5.5 21.9 26.4 31.3 8.0 10.8 14.1 17.8 36.5 250 28.3 5.0 7.2 9.7 12.7 16.0 19.7 23.8 33.1 275 4.5 6.5 8.9 11.6 14.6 18.0 21.7 25.8 30.2 300 23.7 27.7 4.2 6.0 8.1 10.6 13.4 16.5 19.9 350 5.1 7.0 9.1 14.2 17.1 20.4 23.9 11.5 390 4.6 6.3 8.2 12.8 15.4 18.3 21.5 10.3 500 10.0 4.9 8.1 12.1 6.4 14.3 16.8 565 4.3 7.2 5.7 8.8 10.7 12.7 14.9 600 4.1 5.3 6.7 8.3 10.1 12.0 14.0 700 4.6 5.8 7.1 8.6 10.3 12.0 800 4.0 5.1 6.2 7.6 9.0 10.5 900 4.5 5.6 6.7 8.0 9.4 1000 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.2 8.4 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 1000-13 May 7, 2012 Depending on the location, average maintained (a) They provide for through and direct travel horizontal illumination levels of 5 lux to 22 lux in bicycle-demand corridors. should be considered. Where special security (b) Connect di scontinuous s egments of b ike problems exist, higher illumination levels may lanes. be considered. Light standards (poles) should (c) They provide t raffic actuated signals for meet the recommended horizontal and vertical bicycles and ap propriate assi gnment o f clearances. Luminaires and standards should right of way at intersections to give greater be at a s cale ap propriate f or a p edestrian o r priority to bicyclists, as co mpared with bicycle p ath. For a dditional gui dance on alternative streets. lighting, consult w ith the D istrict Tr affic Electrical Unit. (d) Street p arking ha s been r emoved or restricted in a reas o f c ritical w idth to 1003.2 Class II Bikeways (Bike Lanes) provide improved safety. Design g uidance t hat address t he safety an d (e) Surface imperfections or irregularities have mobility n eeds of b icyclists on C lass II b ikeways been corrected (e.g., utility covers adjusted (bike lanes) is distributed throughout this manual to grade, potholes filled, etc.). where appropriate. (f) Maintenance of the route will be at a higher For C lass II bikeway s igning a nd l ane markings, standard t han t hat of other c omparable see the California MUTCD, Section 9C.04. streets ( e.g., more f requent st reet 1003.3 Class III Bikeways (Bike Routes) sweeping). Class I II b ikeways (bike routes) ar e i ntended t o (2) Sidewalk as Bikeway. Sidewalks are not to be provide c ontinuity t o t he bi keway s ystem. B ike designated for bicycle travel. Wide sidewalks routes are established a long through routes not that do not meet de sign s tandards f or bi cycle served by C lass I or I I b ikeways, or to connect paths or bicycle routes also may not meet the discontinuous segments of bikeway (normally bike safety and mobility needs of bicyclists. Wide lanes). Class III facilities are facilities shared with sidewalks c an en courage h igher sp eed b icycle motor vehicles on the street, which are established use and can increase the potential for conflicts by p lacing bike route signs al ong r oadways. with turning traffic at intersections as well as Additional en hancement of C lass I II facilities can with pedestrians and fixed objects. be provided by adding shared roadway markings In residential areas, sidewalk riding by young along the route. For application and placement of children too inexperienced to ride in the street signs and pa vement markings, see t he C alifornia is common. It is inappropriate to sign these MUTCD Section 9C. facilities a s b ikeways because i t may l ead Minimum w idths f or C lass I II b ikeways ar e bicyclists to think it is designed to meet their represented, in the minimum standards for highway safety and mobility needs. Bicyclists should lanes and shoulder. not be encouraged (through signing) to ride their bicycles on facilities that are not designed Since b icyclists ar e p ermitted o n al 1 h ighways to accommodate bicycle travel. (except prohibited freeways), t he d ecision t o designate the route as a b ikeway should be based (3) Shared Transit and Bikeways. Transit lanes on the advisability of encouraging bicycle travel on and bicycles are generally not compatible, and the route and other factors listed below. present r isks t o b icyclists. Therefore sharing exclusive u se t ransit l anes f or b uses with (1) On-street Bike Route Criteria. To be of benefit bicycles is discouraged. to bi cyclists, bike routes should offer a higher degree o f s ervice t han al ternative st reets. Bus and bicycle lane sharing should be Routes should be signed only if some of the considered only under special circumstances to following apply: provide bikeway continuity, such as: 1000-14 HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL May 7, 2012 (a) If bus operating speed is 25 miles per hour roadways an d sh oulders, ex cept f reeways wh ere or below. bicycles are prohibited), without regard to whether or not bikeways are established. (b) If the grade of the facility is 5 percent or Bicycle Paths on Bridges – See Topic 208. less. 1003.4 Trails (1) Pavement Surface Quality. The surface to be used by bi cyclists should be smooth, free of Trails ar e generally, unpa ved multipurpose potholes, and with uniform pavement edges. facilities s uitable f or r ecreational u se b y h ikers, (2) Drainage Grates, Manhole Covers, and pedestrians, eq uestrians, an d off-road bicyclists. Driveways. Dr ainage i nlet g rates, manhole While many Class I facilities are named as t rails covers, etc., should be located out of the travel (e.g. Iron Horse Regional Trail, San Gabriel River path of bi cyclists w henever pos sible. W hen Trail), trails as defined here do not meet Class I such items are in an area that may be used for bikeways s tandards a nd s hould n ot be s igned a s bicycle travel, they shall be designed and bicycle p aths. W here equestrians are expected, a installed in a manner that meets bicycle surface separate equestrian trail should be provided. See requirements. See Standard Plans. They shall DIB 82 for trail requirements for ADA. See Index be maintained flush with the surface when 208.7 for equestrian undercrossing guidance. resurfacing. Pavement r equirements f or b icycle t ravel ar e If grate inlets are to be located in roadway or not suitable for horses. Ho rses require so fter shoulder areas (except freeways where bicycles surfaces to avoid leg injuries. are prohibited) bicycle p roof g rates must be Bicyclists may not be aware of the need to go
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  specified. See Index 837.2(2) for further grate slow or of t he separation need when guidance. approaching or passing a h orse. Horses Future dr iveway c onstruction s hould a void reacting t o perceived d anger f rom p redators construction of a vertical lip from the driveway may be have unpredictably; thus, if a bicyclist to the gutter, as the lip may create a problem appears suddenly w ithin th eir v isual f ield, for bi cyclists when entering from the edge of especially from behind they may bolt. To help the roadway at a flat angle. If a lip is deemed horses not be surprised by a b icyclist, good necessary, t he h eight s hould be lim ited to visibility should be provided at all points on ½ inch. equestrian paths. (3) At-grade Railroad Crossings and Cattle When a corridor includes equestrian paths and
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  Guards. Whenever it is necessary for a Class I Class I bikeways, t he wi dest p ossible l ateral bikeway, highway or roadway to cross railroad separation should be provided between the two. tracks, special care must be taken to ensure that A physical obstacle, such as an open rail fence, the safety of users is protected. The crossing adjacent to the equestrian trail may be must be at least as wide as the traveled way of beneficial to induce horses to shy away from the facility. W herever p ossible, the crossing the bikeway, as I ong as t he obstacle does not should be s traight a nd a t r ight a ngles t o t he block visibility between the equestrian trail and rails. Fo r bikeways or hi ghways that cr oss bicycle path. tracks and where a sk ew is u navoidable, the See F HWA-EP-01-027, Designing S idewalks and shoulder or bikeway should be widened, to Trails for Access and DIB 82 for additional design permit b icyclists to cross at right an gles (see guidance. Figure 1003.5). If this is not possible, special construction and materials should be 1003.5 Miscellaneous Criteria considered to ke ep t he f langeway de pth a nd The following are miscellaneous bicycle treatment width to a minimum. criteria. Sp ecific a pplication to C lass I, a nd I II Pavement should be m aintained so ridge bikeways are noted. C riteria that are not noted as buildup does not occur next to the rails. I n applying only to bikeways apply to any highway, HIGHWAY DESIGN MANUAL 1000-15 May 7, 2012 some ca ses, t imber p lank crossings can b e justified a nd c an pr ovide f or a s moother crossing. All railroad crossings are regulated by the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC). All new bicycle path railroad crossings must be approved by the CPUC. Necessary railroad protection will be determined based on a joint field review involving the applicant, the railroad company, and the CPUC. Cattle g uards acr oss an y r oadway ar e t o b e clearly marked with adequate advance warning. Cattle guards are only to be used where there is no other alternative to manage livestock The C alifornia M UTCD has specific guidance on Rail and Light Rail crossings. See Part 8 of the California MUTCD. Figure 1003.5 Railroad Crossing Class I Bikeway RRTRACKS RR Xing Sign *45° Minimum angle CLASS I BIKEWAY NOTE: See Index 403.3 Angle of Intersection for Class II and Class III facilities.